Ayush Kapale
Ayush Kapale

The Semiconductor Value Chain, Mapped

How raw materials become working chips: follow the journey, explore each step, and meet the companies behind it.

· 2 min read

On this page 4
  1. Follow a chip’s journey
  2. Three things to remember
  3. Find a company
  4. Sources and further reading

A chip inside your phone starts a long way from your pocket. Minerals become purified material, then wafers, then tiny circuits. Testing, packaging and assembly turn those circuits into something you can use.

There is a second path, too: someone has to design what the chip will do. The map below brings both paths together. Start with the whole journey, then open only the parts you want to explore.

Follow a chip’s journey

Follow the arrows to see what moves. Choose a step to see what changes and who does the work.

Draw the circuitAn idea → a blueprintCircuit layout ↓
  1. 1Purify the materialQuartz → pure silicon
  2. 2Make a waferPure silicon → smooth disc
  3. 3Build the circuitsWafer + blueprint → circuits
  4. 4Test and protectCircuits → usable chips
  5. 5Put chips to workChips → products and services

→ Materials and products follow the numbered path. The design arrives separately.

Purify the material

Quartz → pure silicon

A silicon chip starts with quartz, a mineral containing silicon. Refiners turn it into silicon and remove impurities that could spoil a circuit.

Comes in
Quartz and other mineral sources
Leaves this step
Very pure silicon, plus gases and metals

The purified silicon goes to a wafer maker.

Who takes part?

Explore each role below. A company can take part in more than one step.

Minerals, silicon and gasesSibelco · The Quartz Corp · Wacker Chemie

Suppliers refine silicon, provide pure quartz for crystal-growing containers, and supply the gases and metals factories need.

Make a wafer

Pure silicon → smooth disc

A wafer maker grows a large silicon crystal, slices it into thin discs, and polishes them. Each disc is a wafer: the surface on which many chips will be built.

Comes in
Purified silicon
Leaves this step
Blank, polished wafers

The wafers go to a chip factory.

Who takes part?

Explore each role below. A company can take part in more than one step.

Wafer makersShin-Etsu Chemical · SUMCO · GlobalWafers

These companies grow crystals and turn them into clean, flat wafers. Some supply other materials, such as silicon carbide, for specialised chips.

Draw the circuit

An idea → a blueprint

In parallel, designers decide what the chip should do. They combine reusable circuit blocks, connect them, and use software to check the design before sending it to a factory.

Comes in
A product idea and reusable circuit designs
Leaves this step
A checked circuit layout

The blueprint meets the wafer at the factory. No silicon moves through this step.

Who takes part?

Explore each role below. A company can take part in more than one step.

Chip designersNVIDIA · AMD · Qualcomm

Design teams choose the chip’s job, plan its circuits and check that they work together.

Reusable circuit blocksArm · Synopsys · Cadence

Instead of drawing everything from scratch, designers can license proven blocks, such as processor cores and interfaces.

Design softwareSynopsys · Cadence · Siemens

Electronic design automation (EDA) tools help engineers draw, simulate and check a circuit before it is made.

  • CadenceDesign, verification, emulation and system analysisUnited States
  • SiemensEDA including verification, physical design and emulationGermany
  • SilvacoTCAD and design softwareUnited States
  • SynopsysDesign, verification, TCAD and IP; acquired AnsysUnited States
  • YosysHQOpen synthesis and formal-verification toolingAustria

Build the circuits

Wafer + blueprint → circuits

Inside a chip factory, called a fab, machines build tiny circuits on the wafer. They add layers, print patterns, remove selected material, and repeat. Chemicals clean and shape the layers along the way.

Comes in
Blank wafers, circuit layouts, chemicals and machines
Leaves this step
A wafer carrying many individual chips

The patterned wafer goes to testing and packaging.

Who takes part?

Explore each role below. A company can take part in more than one step.

Chip factoriesTSMC · Samsung Electronics · Intel

Foundries make chips for customers. Integrated device manufacturers design and manufacture their own chips, and may also make chips for others.

Pattern templatesHOYA · AGC · Photronics

Photomasks carry the patterns used to print circuit layers. Suppliers make the templates and the tools that write and inspect them.

Factory machinesASML · Nikon · Canon

Different machines print patterns, add and remove material, polish surfaces, and look for defects.

Chemicals used along the wayTokyo Ohka Kogyo · JSR · Fujifilm

Light-sensitive coatings help print patterns. Other chemicals and gases clean, etch, deposit and polish the wafer throughout manufacturing.

Test and protect

Circuits → usable chips

Tests find which circuits work. The wafer is cut into individual chips, called dies. Packaging connects and protects them; some packages combine several dies. Final tests check that the package performs as intended.

Comes in
Patterned wafers and packaging materials
Leaves this step
Tested, connected, protected chips

The packaged chips go to electronics manufacturers.

Who takes part?

Explore each role below. A company can take part in more than one step.

Test before cuttingFormFactor · Technoprobe · Micronics Japan

Probes touch the circuits on a wafer and check them electrically. The results identify working dies and help the factory reduce defects.

Cut, connect and protectTSMC · ASE Technology · Amkor

Assembly companies cut wafers, connect dies and build packages. Material and equipment suppliers provide the film, substrates and bonding tools they use.

Check the finished chipAdvantest · Teradyne · Cohu

Test machines check function, speed and power. Some chips also face heat or electrical stress to check reliability.

Put chips to work

Chips → products and services

Manufacturers mount chips on circuit boards and build phones, cars, medical equipment and servers. Software makes the hardware useful. Cloud operators use servers to deliver computing and AI services.

Comes in
Packaged chips, boards and software
Leaves this step
Devices and computing services people use

What people need next shapes the next round of chip designs and orders.

Who takes part?

Explore each role below. A company can take part in more than one step.

Boards and assembliesFoxconn · Quanta Computer · Wistron

Electronics manufacturers solder chips onto boards and combine them with power, networking and cooling components.

Finished productsApple · Dell · Cisco

Product companies combine electronics and software into complete systems, from phones to vehicles and medical equipment.

Computing and AI servicesAlphabet · Microsoft · Amazon

Cloud operators run servers; AI companies use computing to train and run models. These companies create demand for chips rather than all manufacturing them.

  • AlphabetCloud, models and custom computeUnited States
  • AmazonAWS and TrainiumUnited States
  • AnthropicAI models and compute demandUnited States
  • BaiduComputing and AI servicesChina
  • CerebrasComputing and AI servicesUnited States
  • CoreWeaveSpecialist AI cloudUnited States
  • CtrlSComputing and AI servicesIndia
  • GroqComputing and AI servicesUnited States
  • LambdaComputing and AI servicesUnited States
  • MetaAI workloads and internal computeUnited States
  • MicrosoftCloud and AI infrastructureUnited States
  • Mistral AIComputing and AI servicesFrance
  • NebiusAI infrastructureNetherlands
  • NscaleComputing and AI servicesUnited Kingdom
  • NVIDIAComputing and AI servicesUnited States
  • OpenAIModel and compute demandUnited States
  • OracleCloud infrastructureUnited States
  • Reliance IndustriesComputing and AI servicesIndia
  • SifyComputing and AI servicesIndia
  • TencentComputing and AI servicesChina
  • YottaIndian cloud and AI infrastructureIndia
The customers behind demandState Bank of India · Walmart · FedEx

Businesses and consumers buy the products and services. Their needs and budgets influence orders throughout the chain.

  • DHL GroupLogistics and enterprise systemsGermany
  • FedExFleet and logistics systemsUnited States
  • Reliance IndustriesTelecom, retail and digital infrastructure demandIndia
  • State Bank of IndiaEnterprise and financial-service technology demandIndia
  • WalmartRetail and logistics technology useUnited States

Three things to remember

  • The blueprint and the material take different paths. Designers send a layout; wafer makers send a physical disc. They meet at the fab.
  • A chip needs more than a factory. Specialised machines, chemicals, testing and packaging make the design usable.
  • One company can wear several hats. Some design chips, others manufacture them, and some do both. A device or cloud company may also design its own chips.

That is the value chain: each step turns someone else’s work into something the next step can use.

Find a company

Looking for a particular name? Search the directory or browse by role.

Explore all companies

Sources and further reading

Written by Ayush Kapale. This guide draws on my earlier semiconductor research and the company and industry sources below. The map groups related work to make the journey easier to follow; actual production involves repeated steps and feedback.

Company names show participation, not market share. Country labels refer to headquarters, not necessarily where the work happens. Source research was checked on 3 October 2026.

Browse the source links
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  100. The Quartz Corp: official company and product informationThe Quartz Corp
  101. Wacker Chemie: official company and product informationWacker Chemie
  102. Hemlock Semiconductor: official company and product informationHemlock Semiconductor
  103. Ferroglobe: official company and product informationFerroglobe
  104. Elkem: official company and product informationElkem
  105. Linde: official company and product informationLinde
  106. Air Liquide: official company and product informationAir Liquide
  107. Nippon Sanso Holdings: official company and product informationNippon Sanso Holdings
  108. DOWA Holdings: official company and product informationDOWA Holdings
  109. Shin-Etsu Chemical: official company and product informationShin-Etsu Chemical
  110. SUMCO: official company and product informationSUMCO
  111. GlobalWafers: official company and product informationGlobalWafers
  112. Siltronic: official company and product informationSiltronic
  113. SK Siltron: official company and product informationSK Siltron
  114. Soitec: official company and product informationSoitec
  115. Wolfspeed: official company and product informationWolfspeed
  116. Coherent: official company and product informationCoherent
  117. AXT: official company and product informationAXT
  118. IQE: official company and product informationIQE
  119. SICC: official company and product informationSICC
  120. TankeBlue: official company and product informationTankeBlue
  121. JSR: official company and product informationJSR
  122. Fujifilm: official company and product informationFujifilm
  123. Entegris: official company and product informationEntegris
  124. Merck KGaA: official company and product informationMerck KGaA
  125. Qnity Electronics: official company and product informationQnity Electronics
  126. Resonac: official company and product informationResonac
  127. Sumitomo Chemical: official company and product informationSumitomo Chemical
  128. Kanto Chemical: official company and product informationKanto Chemical
  129. AGC: official company and product informationAGC
  130. NVIDIA: official company and product informationNVIDIA
  131. AMD: official company and product informationAMD
  132. Qualcomm: official company and product informationQualcomm
  133. MediaTek: official company and product informationMediaTek
  134. Marvell: official company and product informationMarvell
  135. Texas Instruments: official company and product informationTexas Instruments
  136. Analog Devices: official company and product informationAnalog Devices
  137. NXP: official company and product informationNXP
  138. Infineon: official company and product informationInfineon
  139. STMicroelectronics: official company and product informationSTMicroelectronics
  140. Renesas: official company and product informationRenesas
  141. onsemi: official company and product informationonsemi
  142. Microchip Technology: official company and product informationMicrochip Technology
  143. Samsung Electronics: official company and product informationSamsung Electronics
  144. Intel: official company and product informationIntel
  145. SK hynix: official company and product informationSK hynix
  146. Micron: official company and product informationMicron
  147. Kioxia: official company and product informationKioxia
  148. Sandisk: official company and product informationSandisk
  149. YMTC: official company and product informationYMTC
  150. CXMT: official company and product informationCXMT
  151. Cerebras: official company and product informationCerebras
  152. Groq: official company and product informationGroq
  153. Tenstorrent: official company and product informationTenstorrent
  154. Axelera AI: official company and product informationAxelera AI
  155. Hailo: official company and product informationHailo
  156. SiMa.ai: official company and product informationSiMa.ai
  157. d-Matrix: official company and product informationd-Matrix
  158. Syntiant: official company and product informationSyntiant
  159. Celestial AI: official company and product informationCelestial AI
  160. Lightmatter: official company and product informationLightmatter
  161. Mindgrove Technologies: official company and product informationMindgrove Technologies
  162. Signalchip: official company and product informationSignalchip
  163. MosChip: official company and product informationMosChip
  164. Tessolve: official company and product informationTessolve
  165. Sankalp Semiconductor: official company and product informationSankalp Semiconductor
  166. HCLTech: official company and product informationHCLTech
  167. Wipro: official company and product informationWipro
  168. L&T Technology Services: official company and product informationL&T Technology Services
  169. Cyient: official company and product informationCyient
  170. Synopsys: official company and product informationSynopsys
  171. Cadence: official company and product informationCadence
  172. Siemens: official company and product informationSiemens
  173. Silvaco: official company and product informationSilvaco
  174. YosysHQ: official company and product informationYosysHQ
  175. SiFive: official company and product informationSiFive
  176. Andes Technology: official company and product informationAndes Technology
  177. Arteris: official company and product informationArteris
  178. Rambus: official company and product informationRambus
  179. Alphawave Semi: official company and product informationAlphawave Semi
  180. eMemory: official company and product informationeMemory
  181. NuFlare Technology: official company and product informationNuFlare Technology
  182. IMS Nanofabrication: official company and product informationIMS Nanofabrication
  183. Lasertec: official company and product informationLasertec
  184. ASML: official company and product informationASML
  185. Nikon: official company and product informationNikon
  186. Canon: official company and product informationCanon
  187. Applied Materials: official company and product informationApplied Materials
  188. Lam Research: official company and product informationLam Research
  189. Tokyo Electron: official company and product informationTokyo Electron
  190. KLA: official company and product informationKLA
  191. ASM International: official company and product informationASM International
  192. Hitachi High-Tech: official company and product informationHitachi High-Tech
  193. Axcelis: official company and product informationAxcelis
  194. Aixtron: official company and product informationAixtron
  195. NAURA: official company and product informationNAURA
  196. ZEISS: official company and product informationZEISS
  197. TRUMPF: official company and product informationTRUMPF
  198. MKS Instruments: official company and product informationMKS Instruments
  199. VAT Group: official company and product informationVAT Group
  200. Advanced Energy: official company and product informationAdvanced Energy
  201. Brooks Automation: official company and product informationBrooks Automation
  202. TSMC: official company and product informationTSMC
  203. GlobalFoundries: official company and product informationGlobalFoundries
  204. UMC: official company and product informationUMC
  205. SMIC: official company and product informationSMIC
  206. Tower Semiconductor: official company and product informationTower Semiconductor
  207. PSMC: official company and product informationPSMC
  208. Rapidus: official company and product informationRapidus
  209. Semi-Conductor Laboratory: official company and product informationSemi-Conductor Laboratory
  210. CDIL: official company and product informationCDIL
  211. SicSem: official company and product informationSicSem
  212. Technoprobe: official company and product informationTechnoprobe
  213. Micronics Japan: official company and product informationMicronics Japan
  214. Japan Electronic Materials: official company and product informationJapan Electronic Materials
  215. MPI Corporation: official company and product informationMPI Corporation
  216. PDF Solutions: official company and product informationPDF Solutions
  217. Amkor: official company and product informationAmkor
  218. JCET: official company and product informationJCET
  219. Powertech Technology: official company and product informationPowertech Technology
  220. UTAC: official company and product informationUTAC
  221. Kaynes Technology: official company and product informationKaynes Technology
  222. Sahasra Semiconductors: official company and product informationSahasra Semiconductors
  223. 3D Glass Solutions: official company and product information3D Glass Solutions
  224. Ajinomoto: official company and product informationAjinomoto
  225. Ibiden: official company and product informationIbiden
  226. Shinko Electric Industries: official company and product informationShinko Electric Industries
  227. Nan Ya PCB: official company and product informationNan Ya PCB
  228. DISCO: official company and product informationDISCO
  229. Besi: official company and product informationBesi
  230. Kulicke & Soffa: official company and product informationKulicke & Soffa
  231. ASMPT: official company and product informationASMPT
  232. Onto Innovation: official company and product informationOnto Innovation
  233. Advantest: official company and product informationAdvantest
  234. Teradyne: official company and product informationTeradyne
  235. Chroma ATE: official company and product informationChroma ATE
  236. Foxconn: official company and product informationFoxconn
  237. Quanta Computer: official company and product informationQuanta Computer
  238. Wistron: official company and product informationWistron
  239. Wiwynn: official company and product informationWiwynn
  240. Inventec: official company and product informationInventec
  241. Jabil: official company and product informationJabil
  242. Flex: official company and product informationFlex
  243. Sanmina: official company and product informationSanmina
  244. Dixon Technologies: official company and product informationDixon Technologies
  245. Syrma SGS: official company and product informationSyrma SGS
  246. Avalon Technologies: official company and product informationAvalon Technologies
  247. Apple: official company and product informationApple
  248. Dell: official company and product informationDell
  249. HP: official company and product informationHP
  250. Lenovo: official company and product informationLenovo
  251. HPE: official company and product informationHPE
  252. Supermicro: official company and product informationSupermicro
  253. Cisco: official company and product informationCisco
  254. Arista Networks: official company and product informationArista Networks
  255. Ericsson: official company and product informationEricsson
  256. Nokia: official company and product informationNokia
  257. Huawei: official company and product informationHuawei
  258. ZTE: official company and product informationZTE
  259. Xiaomi: official company and product informationXiaomi
  260. Toyota: official company and product informationToyota
  261. Tesla: official company and product informationTesla
  262. Volkswagen: official company and product informationVolkswagen
  263. BYD: official company and product informationBYD
  264. Tata Motors: official company and product informationTata Motors
  265. Ashok Leyland: official company and product informationAshok Leyland
  266. Mahindra & Mahindra: official company and product informationMahindra & Mahindra
  267. Daimler Truck: official company and product informationDaimler Truck
  268. BharatBenz: official company and product informationBharatBenz
  269. Volvo Group: official company and product informationVolvo Group
  270. PACCAR: official company and product informationPACCAR
  271. Bosch: official company and product informationBosch
  272. Continental: official company and product informationContinental
  273. Schneider Electric: official company and product informationSchneider Electric
  274. ABB: official company and product informationABB
  275. Honeywell: official company and product informationHoneywell
  276. GE HealthCare: official company and product informationGE HealthCare
  277. Philips: official company and product informationPhilips
  278. Medtronic: official company and product informationMedtronic
  279. Airbus: official company and product informationAirbus
  280. Boeing: official company and product informationBoeing
  281. Tejas Networks: official company and product informationTejas Networks
  282. Alphabet: official company and product informationAlphabet
  283. Microsoft: official company and product informationMicrosoft
  284. Amazon: official company and product informationAmazon
  285. Meta: official company and product informationMeta
  286. Oracle: official company and product informationOracle
  287. Tencent: official company and product informationTencent
  288. Baidu: official company and product informationBaidu
  289. CoreWeave: official company and product informationCoreWeave
  290. Nebius: official company and product informationNebius
  291. Lambda: official company and product informationLambda
  292. Nscale: official company and product informationNscale
  293. OpenAI: official company and product informationOpenAI
  294. Anthropic: official company and product informationAnthropic
  295. Mistral AI: official company and product informationMistral AI
  296. Yotta: official company and product informationYotta
  297. Sify: official company and product informationSify
  298. CtrlS: official company and product informationCtrlS
  299. Reliance Industries: official company and product informationReliance Industries
  300. State Bank of India: official company and product informationState Bank of India
  301. Walmart: official company and product informationWalmart
  302. FedEx: official company and product informationFedEx
  303. DHL Group: official company and product informationDHL Group
  304. Broadcom: official business and product evidenceBroadcom
  305. ROHM: official business and product evidenceROHM
  306. Dai Nippon Printing: official business and product evidenceDai Nippon Printing
  307. SCREEN Holdings: official business and product evidenceSCREEN Holdings
  308. Veeco: official business and product evidenceVeeco
  309. AMEC: official business and product evidenceAMEC
  310. Edwards Vacuum: official business and product evidenceEdwards Vacuum
  311. Vanguard International Semiconductor: official business and product evidenceVanguard International Semiconductor
  312. DB HiTek: official business and product evidenceDB HiTek
  313. VE Commercial Vehicles: official business and product evidenceVE Commercial Vehicles
  314. Bharat Electronics: official business and product evidenceBharat Electronics
  315. Gujarat Semiconductor Policy 2022-27Government of India / state government
  316. Odisha electronics and semiconductor policiesGovernment of India / state government
  317. Cabinet approves Crystal Matrix and Suchi semiconductor projectsGovernment of India / state government · 2026-05-05
  318. India Building Semiconductor Future: September 2026 backgrounderPress Information Bureau, Government of India · 2026-09-17
  319. RISC-V International: open instruction-set standards and governanceRISC-V International
  320. JEDEC memory standards and industry coordinationJEDEC
  321. SIA 2026 industry report: 2025 global chip sales observationSemiconductor Industry Association · 2026-07-27
  322. Mapping the semiconductor value chain, June 2025OECD
  323. METI selection of Rapidus for semiconductor production supportMETI, Japan · 2025-11-21
  324. Korean power semiconductor technology, infrastructure and workforce roadmapMOTIR, Republic of Korea · 2026-04-23
  325. Taiwan industrial innovation support for semiconductor R&D and advanced processesMOEA, Taiwan
  326. China electronic information manufacturing plan for 2026-2030State Council portal / Xinhua · 2026-09-15
  327. Tata Electronics and Besi: Assam packaging capability partnershipTata Electronics · 2026-09-17

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